ABSTRACT
Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus Worldwide and its complex nature of predisposing one to different ailments like obesity, eye defect, cardiovascular diseases etc. calls for alternative measures in the management of the disease. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is an underutilized food with a lot of nutritional and medical potential which are used traditionally in the management of different ailments like diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetes and anti-lipidemic effects of muskmelon fruits and seeds in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced using intravenous Streptozotocin at a dose of 42 mg/kg of body weight into the tail veins to groups 2-5. Twenty-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups, group 1 normal control, group 2- diabetic control, group 3- Glucophage treatment, group 4-500mg/kg BW muskmelon fruits extract, and group 5- 500mg/kg bw muskmelon seeds extract and were treated for 2 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol were evaluated. Results: The result shows that the extract caused a significant increase in the body weight, HDL-cholesterol, and a significant decrease in triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. Although the extract performed well there is a significant difference between the group that took Glucophage and the groups that ate muskmelon fruits and seed extract p<0.05 Conclusion: The result proved the anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effect of muskmelon fruits and seeds which could be added to the pool of other food used in the management of diabetes mellitus which will lead to diet diversification.
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OBJECTIVE：To study the effects and mechanism of water extract and ethanol extract of Muskmelon Pedicel on the proliferation，migration and cloning formation of esophageal carcinoma TE- 1 and EC- 1 cells. METHODS ：TE-1 and EC- 1 cells were cultured in vitro ，and were treated with 0，1.562 5，3.125，6.25，12.5，25，50，100，200 μg/mL of water extract and ethanol extract of Muskmelon Pedicel （calulated by extract powder ）. MTT assay was used to detect the growth inhibitory rate of TE- 1 and EC-1 cells，and calculate IC 50 of them. TE- 1 and EC- 1 cells were divided into TE- 1/EC-1 blank group ，TE-1/EC-1 Muskmelon Pedicel water extract group （IC50 as drug concentration ），and TE- 1/EC-1 Muskmelon Pedicel ethanol extract group （IC50 as drug concentration）. The proliferation and migration of cells in each group were detected by real-time unlabeled cell analysis （RTCA）， and cell proliferation and migration curves were drawn. The morphological changes of cells were observed under microscope ；soft agarose colony forming test was used to analyze the change of colony forming ability of cells in each group ，and the colony forming rate was calculated ；cell cycle and apoptosis rate of cells in each group were detected by flow cytometry ；Western blotting assay was used to detect the relative expression of EGFR and PKC -α in cells in each group. RESULTS ：IC50 of water extract of Muskmelon Pedicel were 49.24，76.38 μg/mL respectively for TE-1 and EC- 1 cells. Those of ethanol extract of Muskmelon Pedicel were 9.08，14.53 μ g/mL respectively for TE-1 and EC- 1 cells. The inhibition effect of water extract and ethanol extract of Muskmelon Pedicel on the cell proliferation were within 30 h. Δ 基金项目：河南省自然科学基金资助项目（No.162300410185） ＊博士研究生。研究方向：肿瘤中医方证。电话：0371-65676778。 The inhibition effect of water extract and ethanol extract of E-mail：zixiangning88@126.com Muskmelon Pedicel on the cell migration were within 60 h. # 通信作者 ：教授，博士生导师 ，博士。研究方向 ：肿瘤中医方 Compared with TE- 1/EC-1 blank group ，the number of cells 证。电话：0371-65676778。E-mail：sifc2000@hotmail.com was decreased significantly in administration groups ， the ·314· China Pharmacy 2020Vol. 31 No. 3 中国药房 2020年第31卷第3期 structure of cell were sloop ，the cell structure was loose ，and most of the cell contour disappeared and became round. The formation rate of cell clone was decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. The percentage of G 2 phase cells increased significantly （P＜ 0.01），while that of G 1 and S phase cells decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. The apoptotic rate of cells increased significantly in early and late stage （P＜0.05）. Relative protein expression of EGFR and PKC- α were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with TE- 1/EC-1 Muskmelon Pedicel water extract group ，formation rate of cell clone was decreased significantly in TE- 1/EC-1 Muskmelon Pedicel ethanol extract group （P＜0.05）；cell was increased significantly at G 2 phase（P＜0.05）；relative protein expression of EGFR and PKC- α were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. The apoptotic rate of cells in early and late stage in TE- 1 Muskmelon Pedicel ethanol extract group was decreased significantly （P＜0.05），the apoptotic rate of cells in early and late stage in EC- 1 Muskmelon Pedicel ethanol extract group was increased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Water extract and ethanol extract of Muskmelon Pedicel could influence the proliferation ，migration and clone formation ability of TE- 1 and EC- 1 cell，promote cell apoptosis ，the mechanism of which may be associated with the down-regulation of EGFR and PKC-α protein.
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Continuous planting of muskmelon and excessive application of chemical fertilizers have caused a series of problems, such as imbalance of the soil micro-ecological environment, serious soil-borne diseases and yield loss. Application of Bacillus subtilis agent is an important way to improve soil micro-ecological environment, prevent soil-borne diseases, and promote plant growth. In this study, B. subtilis was used as experimental agent to analyze the effects of different application methods on the soil microbial diversity and growth of muskmelon in greenhouse. The number of culturable microorganisms in soil was measured by dilution-plate method. The diversity of soil uncultivated microorganisms was determined by Illumina Miseq sequencing technology. The yield of muskmelon was measured by weighing method. The number of culturable bacteria in the root irrigation, hole application and dipping root application groups was higher than that of the control in different muskmelon growth stages, but there was no significant difference among the three different application methods. The number of soil fungi from B. subtilis agent treatment groups in flowering stage was significantly lower in comparison to the control group. However, B. subtilis agent treatment did not cause significant difference on soil fungi number at the fruiting and pulling stage. Diversity analysis of uncultured microorganisms showed that the Shannon index values of bacteria were higher and Simpson index values were lower respectively in the three B. subtilis treatment groups than that in the control. Moreover, the dipping root treatment produced the lowest Shannon index value and the highest Simpson index value of fungi. NMDS and cluster analysis showed that B. subtilis agents dipping root treatment significantly affected the bacterial and fungal flora, both of which were clustered into one independent branch. The application of B. subtilis agents, especially dipping root treatment, significantly decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. The B. subtilis agent treatment didn't produce significant effect on the diversity of fungal flora except Chytridiomycota. The height, stem diameter and leaf area of muskmelon increased by applying B. subtilis agents, and dipping root treatment produced the most significant effect. As a new type of environmental protection fertilizer, B. subtilis agent can increase the number of soil culturable microorganisms, improve soil microbial diversity, and promote growth and yield. This study would provide a scientific basis for the rational application of B. subtilis.
Subject(s)
Bacillus subtilis/genetics , Fertilizers , Fungi , Soil , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of leaf extracts of five indigenous plant on conidia germination, growth and sporulation of Pseudoperenospora cubensis causing downy mildew disease of muskmelon. Extracts of five plant; mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), bush banana (Uvaria chamae), salt and oil tree (Cleistopholis patens), goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides) and African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon) at Four concentrations (15, 30, 45 and 60%) were tested against the growth, conidial germination and sporulation of Pseudoperenospora cubensis in vitro. Results show that all the plant extracts significantly inhibited conidia germination and radial growth compared to the control. The extracts had no significant (p≤0.05) effect on sporulation. The rate of inhibition of growth and conidia germination was concentration dependent being highest at 60% for the extracts. The extracts of Solanum macrocarpon was the most effective followed by Ageratum conyzoides, Cleistopholis patens and Uvaria chamea whileTithonia diversifolia caused the least inhibition of growth and conidia germination. At 15, 30, 45 and 60% concentrations growth of Pseudoperenospora cubensis on PDA modified with Solanum macrocqrponwere 3.79, 3.65, 3.33 and 2.87; and 4.25, 4.12, 3.92 and 3.89 for PDA modified with Tithonia diversifolia. Similarly, conidia germination percentages recorded at same concentration of extracts S. macrocarpon were 87, 85, 70 and 62% while that of T. diversifolia were 91, 87, 84 and 72%. The study shows that the plant extracts has the potential for inhibition of the pathogen.
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Gummy stem blight is a major foliar disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). In this study, morphological characteristics and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were analyzed to identify the causal organism of this disease. Morphological examination of the Jeonbuk isolate revealed that the percentage of monoseptal conidia ranged from 0% to 10%, and the average length x width of the conidia was 70 (+/- 0.96) x 32.0 (+/- 0.15) microm on potato dextrose agar. The BLAST analysis showed nucleotide gaps of 1/494, 2/492, and 1/478 with identities of 485/492 (98%), 492/494 (99%), 491/494 (99%), and 476/478 (99%). The similarity in sequence identity between the rDNA ITS region of the Jeonbuk isolate and other Didymella bryoniae from BLAST searches of GenBank was 100% and was 95.0% within the group. Nucleotide sequences of the rDNA ITS region from pure culture ranged from 98.2% to 99.8%. Phylogenetic analysis with related species of D. bryoniae revealed that D. bryoniae is a monophyletic group distinguishable from other Didymella spp., including Ascochyta pinodes, Mycosphaerella pinodes, M. zeae-maydis, D. pinodes, D. applanata, D. exigua, D. rabiei, D. lentis, D. fabae, and D. vitalbina. Phylogenetic analysis, based on rDNA ITS sequence, clearly distinguished D. bryoniae and Didymella spp. from the 10 other species studied. This study identified the Jeonbuk isolate to be D. bryoniae.
Subject(s)
Agar , Base Sequence , Bryonia , Databases, Nucleic Acid , DNA, Ribosomal , Glucose , Solanum tuberosum , Spores, FungalABSTRACT
An actinomycete strain P-13, with antimicrobial activity against muskmelon bacterial spot pathogens, was isolated from the muskmelon rhizosphere soil samples in Xinjiang. The strain P-13 was identified as Streptomyces rochei based on morphological, physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The agar diffusion bioassay showed that the diameter of inhibition zone against Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrull BFB and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans P4 was above 19 mm and 17 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial substances obtained from strain P-13 were demonstrated to be alkaline and water-soluble compounds according to paper chromatogram analysis and exocellular metabolites. Furthermore, it was stable to be treated by 100?C for 10 min, pH 6 for 6 h, or ultraviolet treatment for 7 h. Moreover, it was insoluble in organic solvents, such as petroleum benzine, diethyl ether, and acetic ether.
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Objective To study the effect of muskmelon juice on immune function of aged mice induced by D-galactose. Method Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups:normal control,aged model and three muskmelon juice (quadruple-diluted,double-diluted and stock juice) groups. The mice in aged model and three muskmelon juice groups were injected subcutaneously with D-galactose at dose of 200 mg/kg?d ,and the normal control with the normal saline of equal volume. The mice in three muskmelon juice groups were treated by intragastric administration twice daily with quadruple-diluted solution,double-diluted solution and stock liquid of muskmelon juice respectively,and the mice in normal control and aged model group with distilled water. Four weeks later,spleen and thymus were weighted,and the immunoglobulim and complement in serum were estimated. Results The thymus index of mice in aged model groop was much lower as compared with normal control. After administration with muskmelon juice,the thymus index was increased and the difference between stock juice and aged model group was significant. As compared with normal control,the serum IgG,IgM,C3,C4 contents of aged model were significantly lowered,but those in muskmelon juice group was increased. The IgG,C3,C4 contents of double-diluted and stock juice group were significantly higher than those of aged model. The spleen index and serum IgA contents fluctuated with same tendency. Conclusion Muskmelon juice can relieve the regression of immune organs in aging process and improve the immune function,suggesting to be effective in anti-aging process.